RELATIVE PRONOUN

Relative pronoun (Kata ganti penghubung)

The relative pronoun is used to connect two sentences that have subject or object, so that repetition of the subject or the object could have been avoided. In the Indonesian language relative pronoun is "yang".

This is a relative pronoun :

PRONOUN	FUNCTION	EXAMPLE
THAT	For people, objects, animals, both as subject and object in the subordinate clause	1.    He lent a book The book is very boring è The book that he lent me is very boring 2.   The woman is Mrs. Lee Mrs. Lee lost a bag è The woman who lost a bag is Mrs. Lee
WHICH	To replace objects (except human), both as subject and object in the subordinate clause	1.    I am reading a book I bought the book yesterday è I am reading a book which I bought yesterday 2.   The house stands on that hill The house is very old è The house which stands on that hill is very old
WHO	To replace the person as a subject in the subordinate clause	1.    The man is standing over there He is my teacher è The man who is standing over there is my teacher 2.   The man came yesterday He is my uncle è The man who came yesterday is my uncle
WhOM	To replace the person as an object in the subordination clause	1.    The man is Mr. Deddy I admire him è The man whom I admire is Mr. Deddy 2.   The man has nine children We meet him yesterday è The man whom we meet yesterday has nine children
WHOSE	To connect the two sentences which contain elements of ownership	1.    Jack is a good basketball player His father is a marketing manager in my company è Jack whose father is a marketing in my company is a good basketball player 2.   The girl went to the police station His bag was stolen è The girl whose bag was stolen went to the police station

DIRECT SPEECH TO INDIRECT SPEECH

Example for conversation from direct speech to indirect speech.

“Handling Telephone in PT Alam Jaya”

Tamara as receptionist PT Alam Jaya

Rudi as co-partner

Listy as secretary of marketing manager

Saputra as marketing manager

Kringg........Kring.........Kring........Kring.......Kring......

Tamara       : Good morning, PT Alam Jaya. Can I help you?

Rudi           : Morning, May I talk with mr. Saputra, he is marketing

                   manager in here? (Direct I)

Tamara       : Sure, I will connect with mr. Saputra’s secretary. Please wait.

Tiiiiit.........Tiiiiiiit.........Tiiiiit.........Tiiiiiit......

Listy           : Morning.

Tamara       : Morning lis, I’m tamara. There is get telephone to mr. Saputra.

                   He said (that) he will to talk with mr. Saputra. (Indirect I)

Listy           : Okey, thank you.

Tamara       : You’re welcome

Listy           : Good morning, I’m listy. Can I help you?

Rudi           : Morning. I’m rudi from PT Muara, May I talk with mr. Saputra?

Listy           : Sorry sir. Mr. Saputra being a meeting now. Any message from

                    him?

Rudi           : uhmmmm... Please call me back, I need information about

                   the company cooperation. (Direct II)

Listy           : Okey, I will inform that to mr. Saputra. Nothing else can I help?

Rudi           : Nothing mrs. Listy. Thank you.

Listy           : you’re welcome sir. Good morning.

Saputra       : Listy, are there looking for me?

Listy           : Nothing sir. But there get telephone for you.

Saputra       : From who?

Listy           : Mr. Rudi from PT Muara, around o’clock 10.00 a.m. He said

                    (that) please call him back, he need information about

                    the company cooperation. (Indirect II)

Saputra       : Nothing else?

Listy           : There is package for you, please.

Saputra       : Okey, thank you.

Listy           : you’re welcome sir.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

Adverbial Clauses

 ‘Adverb' and 'Adjective' have in common. When viewed from the language, the second word is preceded by the word 'ad' which enables the meaning of 'Add'. If Adjective adds clarity to the meaning of objects, then the Adverb add clarity to the verb.

For example: "She runs slowly" slowly is an adverb that describes the meaning of 'runs' instead of 'she'. Although the 'runs' is 'she', but Adverb describes a verb, not a 'she' as a noun.

So, Adverb is an adverb that shed some light on all other words except nouns. Adverb generally can be formed from the adjective by adding-ly behind the adjectives. But this rule does not apply to all adjectives.

Adverbial clause is a clause that functions as an adverb. Adverb clause begins with conjunctions belonging subordinating conjunctions.

TYPE OF CLAUSE	SUBORDINATE CLAUSE	SENTENCES
Comparison	as .......... as	Your house is as big as mine
	-er than	Shanti is taller than her sister
	The -est	Azka is the fattest boy in the family
Condition	If	If it rains, we shall stay at home
	Whether	You must go whether you hear from him or not
	Unless	I’ll wlak to town unless it rains
Contrast	Although	He is still poor although he has worked so hard
	Whereas	They regard this race with deadly seriousness, whereas we’re just in it to have fun
Manner	Quickly	There is also the question of how quickly such a link could be built
	Gracefully	She swooped gracefully
Place	Where	Where is she??
	Wherever	Wherever you are, I’ll be able to find you
Purpose	So that	Our maid always remembers to take in all the clothes before she goes shopping so that they won’t get soaked through if it rains
	In order to	In order to avoid getting lost, I use as GPS unit
	Lest	Lest you think that nanny spy cameras are only
Reason	Because	Bella doesn’t go to school because she is sick
Result	So	I was so weak that I could not speak
	That	He is such a good man that all respect him
Time	When	When she called, had already eaten lunch
	Before	We will finish before he arrives
	After	She ate after I (had) left
	While	While I was finishing my homework, she began cooking
	By the time	We will have finsihed our homework by the time they arrive
	Untill	We waited untill he finished his homework
	Since	I have played tennis since I was a young boy
	As soon as	As soon as I hear from Tom, I will give you telephone call
	Every time	We take a hike every time he visits
	The first, ..............	I saw you the first time I went to campus

ABOUT THE E-COMMERCE

ABOUT THE E-COMMERCE

Electronic trading or called "E-commerce" is buying, selling, marketing of goods and services, through electronic systems (TV, Internet, other computer networks) to make payments by electronic funds transfer (via ATM).

E-commerce is part of e-business, in which the scope of the e-business more widely, not only in commerce but includes joint business partner, customer care, jobs, etc..

E-commerce was first introduced in 1994 when the electronic-banner used for promotional and advertising purposes on a web-page (website). According to Forrester Research, electronic commerce generated sales worth U.S. $ 12.2 billion in 2003.

E-commerce companies can survive for long if it does not just rely on the power of the product alone, but is influenced by several factors, the factors are : the management team of creative, timely of delivered, great service, complex organizational structures, a great website, full of information goods and services, receives input from customers, trading easier.

Examples of some well-known companies in this field: Yahoo, Google, Amazon.com, Paypal.

Some basic models are evolving in the Internet network called the New Economy, namely:

1. Business to Business (B2B)

Companies that sell goods or services to other companies.

2. Business to Consumer (B2C)

Companies that sell goods or services to the market or the public.

3. Consumer to Consumer (C2C)

Individuals sell goods or services to another individual.

4. Consumer to Business (C2B)

Individuals sell goods or services to the company.